OSHA Health & Safety Construction-related Regulations - D - 50 to 95
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Health and Environmental
Controls
§ 1926.50 - Medical services and first aid.
(a) The employer shall insure the availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of occupational health.
(b) Provisions shall be made prior to commencement of the project for prompt medical attention in case of serious injury.
(c) In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, hospital, or physician, that is reasonably accessible in terms of time and distance to the worksite, which is available for the treatment of injured employees, a person who has a valid certificate in first-aid training from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the American Red Cross, or equivalent training that can be verified by documentary evidence, shall be available at the worksite to render first aid.
(d)(1) First-aid supplies approved by the consulting physician shall be easily accessible when required.
(d)(2) The first-aid kit shall consist of materials approved by the consulting physician in a weatherproof container with individual sealed packages for each type of item. The contents of the first-aid kit shall be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job and at least weekly on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced.
(e) Proper equipment for prompt transportation of the injured person to a physician or hospital, or a communication system for contacting necessary ambulance service, shall be provided.
(f) The telephone numbers of the physicians, hospitals, or ambulances shall be conspicuously posted.
(g) Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use.
§ 1926.51 - Sanitation.
(a) Potable water.
(a)(1) An adequate supply of potable water shall be provided in all places of employment.
(a)(2) Portable containers used to dispense drinking water shall be capable of being tightly closed, and equipped with a tap. Water shall not be dipped from containers.
(a)(3) Any container used to distribute drinking water shall be clearly marked as to the nature of its contents and not used for any other purpose.
(a)(4) The common drinking cup is prohibited.
(a)(5) Where single service cups (to be used but once) are supplied, both a sanitary container for the unused cups and a receptacle for disposing of the used cups shall be provided.
(a)(6) Potable water means water which meets the quality standards prescribed in the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, published in 42 CFR part 72, or water which is approved for drinking purposes by the State or local authority having jurisdiction.
(b) Nonpotable water.
(b)(1) Outlets for nonpotable water, such as water for industrial or firefighting purposes only, shall be identified by signs meeting the requirements of Subpart G of this part, to indicate clearly that the water is unsafe and is not to be used for drinking, washing, or cooking purposes.
(b)(2) There shall be no cross-connection, open or potential, between a system furnishing potable water and a system furnishing nonpotable water.
(c) Toilets at construction jobsites.
(c)(1) Toilets shall be provided for employees according to the following table:
| Number of Employees | Minimum Number of Facilities |
| 20 or less | 1 |
| 20 or more | 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 40 workers |
| 200 or more | 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 50 workers |
(f) Washing facilities.
(f)(1) The employer shall provide adequate washing facilities for employees engaged in the application of paints, coating, herbicides, or insecticides, or in other operations where contaminants may be harmful to the employees. Such facilities shall be in near proximity to the worksite and shall be so equipped as to enable employees to remove such substances.
(f)(2) General. Washing facilities shall be maintained in a sanitary condition.
§ 1926.52 - Occupational noise exposure.
(a) Protection against the effects of noise exposure shall be provided when the sound levels exceed those shown in Table D-2 of this section when measured on the A-scale of a standard sound level meter at slow response.
(b) When employees are subjected to sound levels exceeding those listed in Table D-2 of this section, feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table, personal protective equipment as required in Subpart E, shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table.
Permissible Noise Exposures
| Duration per Day, Hours | Sound Level dBA Slow Response |
| 8 6 4 3 2 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/4 or less | 90 92 95 97 100 102 105 110 115 |
(c) If the variations in noise level involve maxima at intervals of 1 second or less, it is to be considered continuous.
(d)(1) In all cases where the sound levels exceed the values shown herein, a continuing, effective hearing conservation program shall be administered.
(d)(2)(i) When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their combined
effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. Exposure to different levels for various periods of time shall be computed according to the formula set forth in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section.
(d)(2)(ii) Fe = (T1 / L1) + (T2 / L2) + ... + (Tn / Ln) where:
- Fe = The equivalent noise exposure factor.
T = The period of noise exposure at any essentially constant level.
L = The duration of the permissible noise exposure at the constant level (from Table D-2).
If the value of Fe exceeds unity (1) the exposure exceeds permissible levels.
(d)(2)(iii) A sample computation showing an application of the formula in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section is as follows. An employee is exposed at these levels for these periods:
- 110 db A 1/4 hour.
100 db A 1/2 hour.
90 db A 1 1/2 hours.
Fe = (1/4/1/2) + (1/2/2) + (1 1/2/8)
Fe = 0.500 + 0.25 + 0.188
Fe = 0.938
Since the value of Fe does not exceed unity, the exposure is within permissible limits.
(e) Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.
§ 1926.54 - Nonionizing radiation.
(a) Only qualified and trained employees shall be assigned to install, adjust, and operate laser equipment.
(b) Proof of qualification of the laser equipment operator shall be available and in possession of the operator at all times.
(c) Employees, when working in areas in which a potential exposure to direct or reflected laser light greater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts) exists, shall be provided with antilaser eye protection devices as specified in Subpart E of this part.
(d) Areas in which lasers are used shall be posted with standard laser warning placards.
(e) Beam shutters or caps shall be utilized, or the laser turned off, when laser transmission is not actually required. When the laser is left unattended for a substantial period of time, such as during lunch hour, overnight, or at change of shifts, the laser shall be turned off.
(f) Only mechanical or electronic means shall be used as a detector for guiding the internal alignment of the laser.
(g) The laser beam shall not be directed at employees.
(h) When it is raining or snowing, or when there is dust or fog in the air, the operation of laser systems shall be prohibited where practicable; in any event, employees shall be kept out of range of the area of source and target during such weather conditions.
(i) Laser equipment shall bear a label to indicate maximum output.
(j) Employees shall not be exposed to light intensities above:
(j)(1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter;
(j)(2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter;
(j)(3) Diffused reflected light: 2 1/2 watts per square centimeter.
(k) Laser unit in operation should be set up above the heads of the employees, when possible.
§ 1926.55 - Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and mists.
(a) Exposure of employees to inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption, or contact with any material or substance at a concentration above those specified in the "Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants for 1970" of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, shall be avoided. See Appendix A to this section.
(b) To achieve compliance with paragraph (a) of this section, administrative or engineering controls must first be implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed in this section. Any equipment and technical measures used for this purpose must first be approved for each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person. Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with 1926.103.
(c) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to the exposure of employees to airborne asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, or actinolite dust. Whenever any employee is exposed to airborne asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, or actinolite dust, the requirements of 1910.1101 or 1926.58 of this title shall apply.
(d) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to the exposure of employees to formaldehyde. Whenever any employee is exposed to formaldehyde, the requirements of 1910.1048 of this title shall apply.
§ 1926.55 - Appendix A - Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and mists.
NOTE: Because of the length of the table, explanatory Footnotes applicable to all substances are given below. Footnotes specific only to a limited number of substances are also shown within the table.
| 2 | See Mineral Dusts Table. |
| 3 | Use Asbestos Limit 1926.58 |
| 4 | See 1926.58 |
| * | The PELs are 8-hour TWAs unless otherwise noted; a (C) designation denotes a ceiling limit. |
| ** | As determined from breathing-zone air samples. |
| a | Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr. |
| b | Milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate. |
| d | The CAS number is for information only. Enforcement is based on the substance name. For an entry covering more than one metal compound, measured as the metal, the CAS number for the metal is given - not CAS numbers for the individual compounds. |
| g | For sectors excluded from 1926.1128 the limit is 10 ppm TWA. |
| j | Millions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on impinger samples counted by light-field techniques. |
| k | The percentage of crystalline silica in the formula is the amount determined from airborne samples, except in those instances in which other methods have been shown to be applicable. |
| m | Covers all organic and inorganic particulates not otherwise regulated. Same as Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated. |
| The 1970 TLV uses letter designations instead of a numerical value as follows: | |
| | |
| A(2) | Polytetrafluoroethylene decomposition products. Because these products decompose in part by hydrolysis in alkaline solution, they can be quantitatively determined in air as fluoride to provide an index of exposure. No TLV is recommended pending determination of the toxicity of the products, but air concentrations should be minimal. |
| A(3) | Gasoline and/or Petroleum distillates. The composition of these materials varies gratly and thus a single TLV for all types of these materials is no longer applicable. The content of benzene, other aromatics and additives should be determined to arrive at the appropriate TLV. |
| E | Simple asphyxiants. The limiting factor is the available oxygen which shall be at least 19.5 percent and be within the requirements addressing explosion in part 1926. |
| Substance | CAS No.d | ppma | mg/m3b | Skin Designation |
| Abate; see Temephos. | ||||
| Acetaldehyde | 75-07-0 | 200 | 360 | |
| Acetic acid. | 64-19-7 | 10 | 25 | |
| Acetic anhydride | 108-24-7 | 5 | 20 | |
| Acetone | 67-64-1 | 1000 | 2400 | |
| Acetonitrile | 75-05-8 | 40 | 70 | |
| 2-Acetylaminofluorene; see 1926.1114 | 53-96-3 | |||
| Acetylene | 74-86-2 | E | ||
| Acetylene dichloride; see 1, 2-Dichloroethylene | ||||
| Acetylene tetrabromide | 79-27-6 | 1 | 14 | |
| Acrolein | 107-02-8 | 0.1 | 0.25 | |
| Acrylamide | 79-06-1 | 0.3 | X | |
| Acrylonitrile; see 1926.1145 | 107-13-1 | |||
| Aldrin | 309-00-2 | 0.25 | X | |
| Allyl alcohol | 107-18-6 | 2 | 5 | X |
| Allyl chloride | 107-05-1 | 1 | 3 | |
| Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) | 106-92-3 | (C)10 | (C)45 | |
| Allyl propyl disulfide | 2179-59-1 | 2 | 12 | |
| alpha-Alumina | 1344-28-1 | |||
| Total dust | ||||
| Respirable fraction | ||||
| Alundum; see alpha-Alumina | ||||
| 4-Aminodiphenyl; see 1926.1111 | 92-67-1 | |||
| 2-Aminoethanol; see Ethanolamine | ||||
| 2-Aminopyridine | 504-29-0 | 0.5 | 2 | |
| Ammonia | 7664-41-7 | 50 | 35 | |
| Ammonium sulfamate | 7773-06-0 | |||
| Total dust | 15 | |||
| Respirable fraction | 5 | |||
| n-Amyl acetate | 628-63-7 | 100 | 525 | |
| sec-Amyl acetate | 626-38-0 | 125 | 650 | |
| Aniline and homologs | 62-53-3 | 5 | 19 | X |
| Anisidine (o-, p-isomers) | 29191-52-4 | 0.5 | X | |
| Antimony and compounds (as Sb) | 7440-36-0 | 0.5 | ||
| ANTU (alpha Naphthylthiourea) | 86-88-4 | 0.3 | ||
| Argon | 7440-37-1 | E | ||
| Arsenic, inorganic compounds (as As); see 1926.1118 | 7440-38-2 | |||
| Arsenic, organic compounds (as As) | 7440-38-2 | 0.5 | ||
| Arsine | 7784-42-1 | 0.05 | 0.2 | |
| Asbestos; see 1926.58 | ||||
| Azinphos-methyl | 86-50-0 | 0.2 | X | |
| Barium, soluble compounds (as Ba) | 7440-39-3 | 0.5 | ||
| Benzene g; see 1926.1128 | 71-43-2 | |||
| Benzidine; see 1926.1110 | 92-87-5 | |||
| p-Benzoquinone; see Quinone | ||||
| Benzo a pyrene; see Coaltarpitch volatiles | ||||
| Benzoyl peroxide | 94-36-0 | 5 | ||
| Benzyl chloride | 100-44-7 | 1 | 5 | |
| Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) | 7440-41-7 | 0.002 | ||
| Biphenyl; see Diphenyl | ||||
| Bisphenol A; see Diglycidyl ether | ||||
| Boron oxide | 1303-86-2 | |||
| Total dust | 15 | |||
| Boron tribromide | 10294-33-4 | 1 | 10 | |
| Boron trifluoride | 7637-07-2 | (C)1 | (C)3 | |
| Bromine | 7726-95-6 | 0.1 | 0.7 | |
| Bromine pentafluoride | 7789-30-2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | |
| Bromoform | 75-25-2 | 0.5 | 5 | X |
| *Butadiene (1, 3-Butadiene); See 29 CFR 1910.1051; 29 CFR 1910.19 | 106-99-0 | 1 ppm/5 ppm STEL | ||
| Butanethiol; see Butyl mercaptan | ||||
| 2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone) | 78-93-3 | 200 | 590 | |
| 2-Butoxyethanol | 111-76-2 | 50 | 240 | X |
| n-Butyl-acetate | 123-86-4 | 150 | 710 | |
| sec-Butyl acetate | 105-46-4 | 200 | 950 | |
| tert-Butyl-acetate | 540-88-5 | 200 | 950 | |
| n-Butyl alcohol | 71-36-3 | 100 | 300 | |
| sec-Butyl alcohol | 78-92-2 | 150 | 450 | |
| tert-Butyl alcohol | 75-65-0 | 100 | 300 | |
| Butylamine | 109-73-9 | (C)5 | (C)15 | X |
| tert-Butyl chromate (as CrO3) | 1189-85-1 | (C)0.1 | X | |
| n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) | 2426-08-6 | 50 | 270 | |
| Butyl mercaptan | 109-79-5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | |
| p-tert-Butyltoluene | 98-51-1 | 10 | 60 | |
| Cadmium (as Cd); see 1910.1027 | 7440-43-9 | |||
| Calcium Carbonate | 1317-65-3 | |||
| Total dust | ||||
| Respirable fraction | ||||
| Calcium oxide | 1305-78-8 | 5 | ||
| Calcium sulfate | 7778-18-9 | |||
| Total dust | 15 | |||
| Respirable fraction | 5 | |||
| Camphor, synthetic | 76-22-2 | 2 | ||
| Carbaryl (Sevin) | 63-25-2 | 5 | ||
| Carbon black | 1333-86-4 | 3.5 | ||
| Carbon dioxide | 124-38-9 | 5000 | 9000 | |
| Carbon disulfide | 75-15-0 | 20 | 60 | X |
| Carbon monoxide | 630-08-0 | 50 | 55 | |
| Carbon tetrachloride | 56-23-5 | 10 | 65 | X |
| Cellulose | 9004-34-6 | |||
| Total dust | ||||
| Respirable fraction | ||||
| Chlordane | 57-74-9 | 0.5 | X | |
| Chlorinated camphene | 8001-35-2 | 0.5 | X | |
| Chlorinated diphenyl oxide | 55720-99-5 | 0.5 | ||
| Chlorine | 7782-50-5 | 1 | 3 | |
| Chlorine dioxide | 10049-04-4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |
| Chlorine trifluoride | 7790-91-2 | (C)0.1 | (C)0.4 | |
| Chloroacetaldehyde | 107-20-0 | (C)1 | (C)3 | |
| a-Chloroacetophenone (Phenacyl chloride) | 532-27-4 | 0.05 | 0.3 | |
| Chlorobenzene | 108-90-7 | 75 | 350 | |
| o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile | 2698-41-1 | 0.05 | 0.4 | |
| Chlorobromomethane | 74-97-5 | 200 | 1050 | |
| 2-Chloro-1, 3-butadiene; See beta-Chloroprene | ||||
| Chlorodiphenyl (42 percent Chlorine) (PCB) | 53469-21-9 | 1 | X | |
| Chlorodiphenyl (54 percent Chlorine) (PCB) | 11097-69-1 | 0.5 | X | |
| 1-Chloro-2, 3-epoxypropane; See Epichlorohydrin | ||||
| 2-Chloroethanol; See Ethylene chlorohydrin | ||||
| Chloroethylene; See Vinylchloride | ||||
| Chloroform (Trichloromethane) | 67-66-3 | (C)50 | (C)240 | |
| bis (Chloromethyl) ether; see 1926.1108 | 542-88-1 | |||
| Chloromethyl methyl ether; see 1926.1106 | 107-30-2 | |||
| 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane | 600-25-9 | 20 | 100 | |
| Chloropicrin | 76-06-2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | |
| beta-Chloroprene | 126-99-8 | 25 | 90 | X |
| Chromic acid and chromates (as CrO3) | Varies with compound | 0.1 | ||
| Chromium (II) compounds (as Cr) | 7440-47-3 | 0.5 | ||
| Chromium (III) compounds (as Cr) | 7440-47-3 | 0.5 | ||
| Chromium metal and insol. salts (as Cr) | 7440-47-3 | 1 | ||
| Chrysene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles | ||||
| Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction), anthracene, BaP, phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene, pyrene | 65996-93-2 | 0.2 | ||
| Cobalt metal, dust, and fume (as Co) | 7440-48-4 | 0.1 | ||
| Coke oven emissions; see 1926.1129 | 0.15 | |||
| Copper | 7440-50-8 | |||
| Fume (as Cu) | 0.1 | |||
| Dusts and mists (as Cu) | 1 | |||
| Corundum; see Emery | ||||
| Cottondust (raw) | 1 | |||
| Cragherbicide (Sesone) | 136-78-7 | |||
| Total dust | ||||
| Respirable fraction | ||||
| Cresol, all isomers | 1319-77-3 | 5 | 22 | X |
| Crotonaldehyde | 123-73-9 4170-30-3 | 2 | 6 | |
| Cumene | 98-82-8 | 50 | 245 | X |
| Cyanides (as CN) | Varies with Compound | 5 | X | |
| Cyanogen | 460-19-5 | 10 | ||
| Cyclohexane | 110-82-7 | 300 | 1050 | |
| Cyclohexanol | 108-93-0 | 50 | 200 | |
| Cyclohexanone | 108-94-1 | 50 | 200 | |
| Cyclohexene | 110-83-8 | 300 | 1015 | |
| Cyclonite | 121-82-4 | 1.5 | X | |
| Cyclopentadiene | 542-92-7 | 75 | 200 | |
| DDT, see Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane | ||||
| DDVP, see Dichlorvos | ||||
| 2, 4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) | 94-75-7 | 10 | ||
| Decaborane | 17702-41-9 | 0.05 | 0.3 | X |
| Demeton (Systox) | 8065-48-3 | 0.1 | X | |
| Diacetone alcohol (4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone) | 123-42-2 | 50 | 240 | |
| 1, 2-Diaminoethane; see Ethylenediamine | ||||
| Diazomethane | 334-88-3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
| Diborane | 19287-45-7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| 1, 2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP); see 1926.1144 | 96-12-8 | |||
| 1, 2-Dibromoethane; see Ethylene dibromide | ||||
| Dibutyl phosphate | 107-66-4 | 1 | 5 | |
| Dibutyl phthalate | 84-74-2 | 5 | ||
| Dichloroacetylene | 7572-29-4 | (C)0.1 | (C)0.4 | |
| o-Dichlorobenzene | 95-50-1 | (C)50 | (C)300 | |
| p-Dichlorobenzene | 106-46-7 | 75 | 450 | |
| 3, 3'-Dichlorobenzidine; see 1926.1107 | 91-94-1 | |||
| Dichlorodifluoromethane | 75-71-8 | 1000 | 4950 | |
| 1, 3-Dichloro-5, 5-dimethyl hydantoin | 118-52-5 | 0.2 | ||
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | 50-29-3 | 1 | X | |
| 1, 1-Dichloroethane | 75-34-3 | 100 | 400 | |
| 1, 2-Dichloroethane; see Ethylene dichloride | ||||
| 1, 2-Dichloroethylene | 540-59-0 | 200 | 790 | |
| Dichloroethyl ether | 111-44-4 | (C)15 | (C)90 | X |
| Dichloromethane; see Methylene chloride | ||||
| Dichloromonofluoromethane | 75-43-4 | 1000 | 4200 | |
| 1, 1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane | 594-72-9 | (C)10 | (C)60 | |
| 1, 2-Dichloropropane; see Propylene dichloride | ||||
| Dichlorotetrafluoroethane | 76-14-2 | 1000 | 7000 | |
| Dichlorvos (DDVP) | 62-73-7 | 1 | X | |
| Dieldrin | 60-57-1 | 0.25 | X | |
| Diethylamine | 109-89-7 | 25 | 75 | |
| 2-Diethylaminoethanol | 100-37-8 | 10 | 50 | X |
| Diethylene triamine | 111-40-0 | (C)10 | (C)42 | X |
| Diethyl ether; see Ethyl ether | ||||
| Difluorodibromomethane | 75-61-6 | 100 | 860 | |
| Diglycidyl ether (DGE) | 2238-07-5 | (C)0.5 | (C)2.8 | |
| Dihydroxybenzene; see Hydroquinone | ||||
| Diisobutyl ketone | 108-83-8 | 50 | 290 | |
| Diisopropylamine | 108-18-9 | 5 | 20 | X |
| 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene; see 1926.1115 | 60-11-7 | |||
| Dimethoxymethane; see Methylal | ||||
| Dimethyl acetamide | 127-19-5 | 10 | 35 | X |
| Dimethylamine | 124-40-3 | 10 | 18 | |
| Dimethylaminobenzene; see Xylidine | ||||
| Dimethylaniline (N, N-Dimethylaniline) | 121-69-7 | 5 | 25 | X |
| Dimethylbenzene; see Xylene | ||||
| Dimethyl-1, 2-dibromo-2, 2-dichloroethyl phosphate | 300-76-5 | 3 | ||
| Dimethylformamide | 68-12-2 | 10 | 30 | X |
| 2, 6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone; see Diisobutyl ketone | ||||
| 1, 1-Dimethylhydrazine | 57-14-7 | 0.5 | 1 | X |
| Dimethylphthalate | 131-11-3 | 5 | ||
| Dimethyl sulfate | 77-78-1 | 1 | 5 | X |
| Dinitrobenzene | ||||
| (all isomers) | 1 | X | ||
| (ortho) | 528-29-0 | |||
| (meta) | 99-65-0 | |||
| (para) | 100-25-4 | |||
| Dinitro-o-cresol | 534-52-1 | 0.2 | X | |
| Dinitrotoluene | 25321-14-6 | </ |